Which is one of the steps in a systematic review and meta-analysis?

• A. Publishing results before analysis
• B. Collecting data locally
• C. Research question
• D. Conducting a single study trial

Answer: (C)

Defining a clear research question is essential because it shapes every part of a systematic review and meta-analysis—from which studies to search for, to what outcomes to extract, to how results will be combined. A precise question sets the scope, determines inclusion and exclusion criteria, and guides the data collection and analysis plan, ensuring the review is focused, objective, and reproducible.

Publishing results before analysis isn’t appropriate because synthesis and interpretation should come after collecting and evaluating the data. Collecting data locally isn’t the standard approach for systematic reviews, which rely on comprehensive searches of published literature (and sometimes contacting study authors for missing information). Conducting a single study trial is primary research, not a step in synthesizing multiple studies.