Which of the following is NOT typically part of the diagnostic workup for chronic hepatitis?

• A. Serologic markers
• B. Elevated liver enzymes
• C. Liver biopsy
• D. Urinalysis

Answer: (D)

Diagnosing chronic hepatitis centers on information about the liver itself, including what caused the disease and how much inflammation and fibrosis are present. Serologic markers are used to identify the underlying etiology, such as viral hepatitis panels or autoimmune and metabolic tests. Elevated liver enzymes, particularly ALT and AST, reflect hepatocellular injury and help gauge disease activity. A liver biopsy provides histology to assess inflammation and the stage of fibrosis, guiding prognosis and management when noninvasive tests aren’t enough. Urinalysis does not directly inform the cause or extent of chronic hepatitis and isn’t part of the standard diagnostic workup, though it may be used for other unrelated health assessments.